-1.58% is the change from 316 to 311
Calculation steps:
[( 311 - 316 ) ÷ 316] x 100 = -1.58%
Formula
Percentage change = [(311 - 316) / 316] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
311 - 316 = -5
-5 ÷ 316 = -0.015822784810126583
-0.015822784810126583 x 100 = -1.58%