2.86% is the change from 419 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 419 ) ÷ 419] x 100 = 2.86%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 419) / 419] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 419 = 12
12 ÷ 419 = 0.028639618138424822
0.028639618138424822 x 100 = 2.86%