3.71% is the change from 431 to 447
Calculation steps:
[( 447 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 3.71%
Formula
Percentage change = [(447 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
447 - 431 = 16
16 ÷ 431 = 0.037122969837587005
0.037122969837587005 x 100 = 3.71%