3.94% is the change from 431 to 448
Calculation steps:
[( 448 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 3.94%
Formula
Percentage change = [(448 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
448 - 431 = 17
17 ÷ 431 = 0.03944315545243619
0.03944315545243619 x 100 = 3.94%