4.18% is the change from 431 to 449
Calculation steps:
[( 449 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 4.18%
Formula
Percentage change = [(449 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
449 - 431 = 18
18 ÷ 431 = 0.04176334106728538
0.04176334106728538 x 100 = 4.18%