5.1% is the change from 431 to 453
Calculation steps:
[( 453 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 5.1%
Formula
Percentage change = [(453 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
453 - 431 = 22
22 ÷ 431 = 0.05104408352668213
0.05104408352668213 x 100 = 5.1%