5.34% is the change from 431 to 454
Calculation steps:
[( 454 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 5.34%
Formula
Percentage change = [(454 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
454 - 431 = 23
23 ÷ 431 = 0.05336426914153132
0.05336426914153132 x 100 = 5.34%