10.9% is the change from 431 to 478
Calculation steps:
[( 478 - 431 ) ÷ 431] x 100 = 10.9%
Formula
Percentage change = [(478 - 431) / 431] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
478 - 431 = 47
47 ÷ 431 = 0.10904872389791183
0.10904872389791183 x 100 = 10.9%