-3.58% is the change from 447 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 447 ) ÷ 447] x 100 = -3.58%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 447) / 447] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 447 = -16
-16 ÷ 447 = -0.035794183445190156
-0.035794183445190156 x 100 = -3.58%