-4.01% is the change from 449 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 449 ) ÷ 449] x 100 = -4.01%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 449) / 449] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 449 = -18
-18 ÷ 449 = -0.0400890868596882
-0.0400890868596882 x 100 = -4.01%