-31.04% is the change from 451 to 311
Calculation steps:
[( 311 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -31.04%
Formula
Percentage change = [(311 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
311 - 451 = -140
-140 ÷ 451 = -0.31042128603104213
-0.31042128603104213 x 100 = -31.04%