-7.98% is the change from 451 to 415
Calculation steps:
[( 415 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -7.98%
Formula
Percentage change = [(415 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
415 - 451 = -36
-36 ÷ 451 = -0.07982261640798226
-0.07982261640798226 x 100 = -7.98%