-7.1% is the change from 451 to 419
Calculation steps:
[( 419 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -7.1%
Formula
Percentage change = [(419 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
419 - 451 = -32
-32 ÷ 451 = -0.07095343680709534
-0.07095343680709534 x 100 = -7.1%