-4.43% is the change from 451 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -4.43%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 451 = -20
-20 ÷ 451 = -0.04434589800443459
-0.04434589800443459 x 100 = -4.43%