-2.88% is the change from 451 to 438
Calculation steps:
[( 438 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -2.88%
Formula
Percentage change = [(438 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
438 - 451 = -13
-13 ÷ 451 = -0.028824833702882482
-0.028824833702882482 x 100 = -2.88%