-2.66% is the change from 451 to 439
Calculation steps:
[( 439 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = -2.66%
Formula
Percentage change = [(439 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
439 - 451 = -12
-12 ÷ 451 = -0.026607538802660754
-0.026607538802660754 x 100 = -2.66%