5.99% is the change from 451 to 478
Calculation steps:
[( 478 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = 5.99%
Formula
Percentage change = [(478 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
478 - 451 = 27
27 ÷ 451 = 0.0598669623059867
0.0598669623059867 x 100 = 5.99%