15.96% is the change from 451 to 523
Calculation steps:
[( 523 - 451 ) ÷ 451] x 100 = 15.96%
Formula
Percentage change = [(523 - 451) / 451] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
523 - 451 = 72
72 ÷ 451 = 0.15964523281596452
0.15964523281596452 x 100 = 15.96%