-3.98% is the change from 452 to 434
Calculation steps:
[( 434 - 452 ) ÷ 452] x 100 = -3.98%
Formula
Percentage change = [(434 - 452) / 452] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
434 - 452 = -18
-18 ÷ 452 = -0.03982300884955752
-0.03982300884955752 x 100 = -3.98%