-3.97% is the change from 453 to 435
Calculation steps:
[( 435 - 453 ) ÷ 453] x 100 = -3.97%
Formula
Percentage change = [(435 - 453) / 453] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
435 - 453 = -18
-18 ÷ 453 = -0.039735099337748346
-0.039735099337748346 x 100 = -3.97%