-3.31% is the change from 453 to 438
Calculation steps:
[( 438 - 453 ) ÷ 453] x 100 = -3.31%
Formula
Percentage change = [(438 - 453) / 453] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
438 - 453 = -15
-15 ÷ 453 = -0.033112582781456956
-0.033112582781456956 x 100 = -3.31%