-3.09% is the change from 453 to 439
Calculation steps:
[( 439 - 453 ) ÷ 453] x 100 = -3.09%
Formula
Percentage change = [(439 - 453) / 453] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
439 - 453 = -14
-14 ÷ 453 = -0.03090507726269316
-0.03090507726269316 x 100 = -3.09%