3.97% is the change from 453 to 471
Calculation steps:
[( 471 - 453 ) ÷ 453] x 100 = 3.97%
Formula
Percentage change = [(471 - 453) / 453] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
471 - 453 = 18
18 ÷ 453 = 0.039735099337748346
0.039735099337748346 x 100 = 3.97%