-31.5% is the change from 454 to 311
Calculation steps:
[( 311 - 454 ) ÷ 454] x 100 = -31.5%
Formula
Percentage change = [(311 - 454) / 454] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
311 - 454 = -143
-143 ÷ 454 = -0.31497797356828194
-0.31497797356828194 x 100 = -31.5%