-5.07% is the change from 454 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 454 ) ÷ 454] x 100 = -5.07%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 454) / 454] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 454 = -23
-23 ÷ 454 = -0.05066079295154185
-0.05066079295154185 x 100 = -5.07%