-5.27% is the change from 455 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 455 ) ÷ 455] x 100 = -5.27%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 455) / 455] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 455 = -24
-24 ÷ 455 = -0.05274725274725275
-0.05274725274725275 x 100 = -5.27%