-3.95% is the change from 456 to 438
Calculation steps:
[( 438 - 456 ) ÷ 456] x 100 = -3.95%
Formula
Percentage change = [(438 - 456) / 456] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
438 - 456 = -18
-18 ÷ 456 = -0.039473684210526314
-0.039473684210526314 x 100 = -3.95%