-1.1% is the change from 456 to 451
Calculation steps:
[( 451 - 456 ) ÷ 456] x 100 = -1.1%
Formula
Percentage change = [(451 - 456) / 456] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
451 - 456 = -5
-5 ÷ 456 = -0.010964912280701754
-0.010964912280701754 x 100 = -1.1%