-1.31% is the change from 457 to 451
Calculation steps:
[( 451 - 457 ) ÷ 457] x 100 = -1.31%
Formula
Percentage change = [(451 - 457) / 457] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
451 - 457 = -6
-6 ÷ 457 = -0.01312910284463895
-0.01312910284463895 x 100 = -1.31%