-6.1% is the change from 459 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 459 ) ÷ 459] x 100 = -6.1%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 459) / 459] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 459 = -28
-28 ÷ 459 = -0.06100217864923747
-0.06100217864923747 x 100 = -6.1%