-8.3% is the change from 470 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 470 ) ÷ 470] x 100 = -8.3%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 470) / 470] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 470 = -39
-39 ÷ 470 = -0.08297872340425531
-0.08297872340425531 x 100 = -8.3%