-4.45% is the change from 472 to 451
Calculation steps:
[( 451 - 472 ) ÷ 472] x 100 = -4.45%
Formula
Percentage change = [(451 - 472) / 472] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
451 - 472 = -21
-21 ÷ 472 = -0.04449152542372881
-0.04449152542372881 x 100 = -4.45%