-3.18% is the change from 472 to 457
Calculation steps:
[( 457 - 472 ) ÷ 472] x 100 = -3.18%
Formula
Percentage change = [(457 - 472) / 472] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
457 - 472 = -15
-15 ÷ 472 = -0.03177966101694915
-0.03177966101694915 x 100 = -3.18%