-9.64% is the change from 477 to 431
Calculation steps:
[( 431 - 477 ) ÷ 477] x 100 = -9.64%
Formula
Percentage change = [(431 - 477) / 477] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
431 - 477 = -46
-46 ÷ 477 = -0.09643605870020965
-0.09643605870020965 x 100 = -9.64%