-6.28% is the change from 478 to 448
Calculation steps:
[( 448 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -6.28%
Formula
Percentage change = [(448 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
448 - 478 = -30
-30 ÷ 478 = -0.06276150627615062
-0.06276150627615062 x 100 = -6.28%