-5.65% is the change from 478 to 451
Calculation steps:
[( 451 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -5.65%
Formula
Percentage change = [(451 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
451 - 478 = -27
-27 ÷ 478 = -0.056485355648535567
-0.056485355648535567 x 100 = -5.65%