-5.23% is the change from 478 to 453
Calculation steps:
[( 453 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -5.23%
Formula
Percentage change = [(453 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
453 - 478 = -25
-25 ÷ 478 = -0.05230125523012552
-0.05230125523012552 x 100 = -5.23%