-4.81% is the change from 478 to 455
Calculation steps:
[( 455 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -4.81%
Formula
Percentage change = [(455 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
455 - 478 = -23
-23 ÷ 478 = -0.04811715481171548
-0.04811715481171548 x 100 = -4.81%