-4.6% is the change from 478 to 456
Calculation steps:
[( 456 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -4.6%
Formula
Percentage change = [(456 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
456 - 478 = -22
-22 ÷ 478 = -0.04602510460251046
-0.04602510460251046 x 100 = -4.6%