-4.39% is the change from 478 to 457
Calculation steps:
[( 457 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -4.39%
Formula
Percentage change = [(457 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
457 - 478 = -21
-21 ÷ 478 = -0.043933054393305436
-0.043933054393305436 x 100 = -4.39%