-3.97% is the change from 478 to 459
Calculation steps:
[( 459 - 478 ) ÷ 478] x 100 = -3.97%
Formula
Percentage change = [(459 - 478) / 478] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
459 - 478 = -19
-19 ÷ 478 = -0.0397489539748954
-0.0397489539748954 x 100 = -3.97%