-11.91% is the change from 512 to 451
Calculation steps:
[( 451 - 512 ) ÷ 512] x 100 = -11.91%
Formula
Percentage change = [(451 - 512) / 512] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
451 - 512 = -61
-61 ÷ 512 = -0.119140625
-0.119140625 x 100 = -11.91%