-7.72% is the change from 518 to 478
Calculation steps:
[( 478 - 518 ) ÷ 518] x 100 = -7.72%
Formula
Percentage change = [(478 - 518) / 518] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
478 - 518 = -40
-40 ÷ 518 = -0.07722007722007722
-0.07722007722007722 x 100 = -7.72%