-9.98% is the change from 531 to 478
Calculation steps:
[( 478 - 531 ) ÷ 531] x 100 = -9.98%
Formula
Percentage change = [(478 - 531) / 531] x 100
Subtract the new number by the original number
478 - 531 = -53
-53 ÷ 531 = -0.09981167608286252
-0.09981167608286252 x 100 = -9.98%